{"id":68535,"date":"2016-05-02T21:44:21","date_gmt":"2016-05-02T16:14:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/?p=68535"},"modified":"2016-05-03T14:58:11","modified_gmt":"2016-05-03T09:28:11","slug":"%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%9e%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a9-%e0%ae%85%e0%ae%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/?p=68535","title":{"rendered":"\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0baa\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd : \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd .. !"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\"Skyhook<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>]<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0b9a\u0bbf<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u0b9c\u0bc6\u0baf\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>,B.E.(Hons),P.Eng.(Nuclear) Canada<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

+++++++<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2013-06-atoms.html<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=cx75I5gUm-Q<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0&feature=player_embedded<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rNf-A3m6HVo&feature=player_embedded<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

++++++++++++++++++<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0baa\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0ba8\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b86\u0b9f\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b9a\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0ba8\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b9a\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0b9e\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9a<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b88\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b8a\u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbf<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0bae\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bc8<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0b86\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc8<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>!<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

+++++++++++++<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"The<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[<\/b><\/span>\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span>]<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9 \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u00a0<\/span><\/span>[Catalyst]<\/span>\u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9c\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b8e\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Clusters] <\/span>\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, \u00a0<\/span>\u0b8e\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u00a0\u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u00a0\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0ba8\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b89\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a \u0b9a\u0bc2\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0baf \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 <\/b><\/span><\/span>[Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology]<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Prof<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Crystalline System] \u00a0<\/span>\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u00a0\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b93\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>[Homogeneous Melting] <\/span>\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u00a0\u0bae\u0bcb \u0bb2\u0bbf\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>[Professor Mo Li, Georgia Tech School of \u00a0Materials Science and Engg]<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bae\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Crystals] <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba8\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc8<\/span><\/span>[General Principle of Melting] \u00a0<\/span>\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u00a0\u0b89\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u00a0\u0ba8\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0 <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9c\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bcb \u0bb2\u0bbf<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Molecular<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u00a0\u0ba4\u0bc2\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b89\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0 <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1\u00a0<\/span><\/span>[Skyhook Effect] <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bcb\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>[Zbynek Novotny, Vienna Univesity of Technology]<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>\/<\/span>\u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0ba8\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bb0 \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba9 \u00a0\u0b86\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0 <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f \u0b86\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0 <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"The<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u00a0\u0b86\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0 <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9 \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span>[Catalyst]\u00a0<\/span>\u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b9c\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b86\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b8e\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Clusters]\u00a0<\/span>\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>\u0b8e\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u00a0\u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u0baa\u0bb2\u00a0\u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u00a0\u00a0\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95\u00a0\u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b89\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a \u0b9a\u0bc2\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0baf \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u00a0\u00a0\u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u00a0\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u00a0\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology]<\/span>\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

(1885-1962)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b86\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0ba4 \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b86\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b90\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Niels Bohr] <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc0\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b9c\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\u0b9c\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc6\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0b8e\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>\u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u00a0 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. 1913 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Planck\u2019s Quantum Theory] <\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b93\u0bb0\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Atomic<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0 <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Element\u2019s Atomic Number (Total Number of Protons in the Nucleus)]<\/span>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>: \u201c<\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u201d\u00a0 <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Nuclear Fission] <\/span>\u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0 \u0b89\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. 1922 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u00a0\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bc8<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc2\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>1909 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc6\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0b9c\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Jean Perrin (1870-1942)]. <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>–<\/span>\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Cathode Rays] <\/span>\u0b86\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. 1895 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Negatively Charged Corpuscles] <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcb \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Avogadro\u2019s Number (6\u00d710^23)] <\/span>\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n

\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb \u0b85\u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcb <\/span><\/span>[Amedeo Avogadro] <\/span>\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>? \u201c<\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0bb7\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Molecules] <\/span>\u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9<\/span><\/span>.\u201d <\/span>\u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc2\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Ideal Gases] <\/span>\u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>1897 <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9c\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\u0b9c\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>(1856-1940) <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0 <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>\u0b9c\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bcc\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[John Townsend (1868-1937)], <\/span>\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Robert Millikan (1868-1953)].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0baf\u0bc1\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9 <\/b><\/span><\/span>!<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1895 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9c\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9c\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)] <\/span>\u0b8e\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>–<\/span>\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>1901<\/span>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baf\u0bc1\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>1896 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc6\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0bb9\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u00a0 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)] <\/span>\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Uranium Ore\u00a0 Pitch-Blende] <\/span>\u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Radioactivity] <\/span>\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\u0baa\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u00a0\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf <\/span><\/span>(1898) <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Madame Marie (1867-1934) & Pierre Curie (1859-1906)] <\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0bb0\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0baa\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf <\/span><\/span>& <\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95 <\/span><\/span>1903 <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bbe<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0baa\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe<\/span><\/span>,<\/span>\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbe <\/span><\/span>[Alpha, Beta & Gamma Rays] <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc0\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc6\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)] <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. 1900 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u201c\u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u201d <\/span><\/span>[Negatively Charged Electron] <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. 1903 <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>(<\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bbe \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0bb9\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Helium Nuclei] <\/span>\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

1911 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b9c\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0bb9\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Hans Geiger (1882-1945] <\/span>\u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>1914<\/span>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0baf\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Positively Charged Proton] <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>1919<\/span>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9c\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0b83\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc8 <\/span><\/span>[Artificial Atomic Disintegration] <\/span>\u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b90\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b83\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b9c\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Artificial Transmutation of\u00a0 Elements] <\/span>\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bbe \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8 <\/span><\/span>20 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u00a0\u0b86\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 <\/span><\/span>[Quantum Theory] <\/span>\u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Element\u2019s Atomic Number (Total Number of Protons in\u00a0 the Nucleus)] <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>: \u201c<\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u201d <\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Nuclear Fission]\u00a0 <\/span>\u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0 \u0b89\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. 1922 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>1885 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bcb\u0baa\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb9\u0bc7\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0baa\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb9\u0bc7\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Professor of\u00a0 Physiology]. <\/span>\u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Physical &\u00a0 Chemical Aspects of Respiration] <\/span>\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0baf\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb3 \u0bb5\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95 \u201c\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb3 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u201d <\/span><\/span>[Surface Tension of Water] <\/span>\u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Vibrations of Water Jets]<\/span>\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences & Letters] <\/span>\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Thesis on the Electron\u00a0 Theory of Metals that stressed the inadequacies of Classical Physics for treating the\u00a0 Behaviour of Matter at the Atomic Level] 1911 <\/span>\u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u00a0 \u0b9c\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\u0b9c\u0bc7<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0 \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b89\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0 <\/span>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>1912 <\/span>\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc0\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bc6\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u00a0 \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc0\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Theoretical Implications] <\/span>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u00a0 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[Atomic Number] <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc8 <\/span><\/span>[Electric Charge] <\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bbf \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0ba3\u0bc8 <\/span><\/span>(Periodic Table of Elements) <\/span>\u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0baf\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bc8<\/span><\/span>; <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc8 <\/span><\/span>[Atomic Mass] <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>; <\/span>\u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0b8f\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0bb0\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>[Mechanically & Electro-magnetically Unstable]. <\/span>\u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b86\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0b90\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9e\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u201c\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u201d \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u201c\u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc8\u201d \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcc\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95 <\/span><\/span>[Classical Physics] <\/span>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bbf<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>: \u201c<\/span>\u0b8e\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b93\u0bb0\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0b95\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.\u201d [Any atom could exist only in a discrete set of\u00a0 stable or stationary states by a definite value of its energy]. <\/span>\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0bb9\u0bc8\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9c\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0 \u0b92\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 <\/span><\/span>[Series of Lines observed in the Spectrum of Light emitted by\u00a0 Atomic Hydrogen] <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b92\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 <\/span><\/span>[Frequencies] <\/span>\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc8<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd <\/span><\/span>[In terms of the charge & mass of the Electron].<\/span>\u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb9\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>: <\/span>\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0b8e\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u00a0 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"CO<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

++++++++++++++++++++++<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Attachments area<\/div>\n
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Preview YouTube video Cluster Dance of Atoms<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Cluster Dance of Atoms<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Preview YouTube video A Boy And His Atom: The World’s Smallest Movie<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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A Boy And His Atom: The World’s Smallest Movie<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Preview YouTube video IBM Atomic Shorts: How to move an atom<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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IBM Atomic Shorts: How to move an atom<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00a0 [\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc2\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1] \u0b9a\u0bbf. \u0b9c\u0bc6\u0baf\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd,B.E.(Hons),P.Eng.(Nuclear) Canada +++++++ http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2013-06-atoms.html http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=cx75I5gUm-Q https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0&feature=player_embedded https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rNf-A3m6HVo&feature=player_embedded ++++++++++++++++++ \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0baa\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0baa\u0bcd\u00a0\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u00a0\u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bbf\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8\u00a0 \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf,\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":154,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[591,748],"tags":[1060],"class_list":["post-68535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-featured","category-ariviyal","tag-1060"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","featured_image_urls":{"full":"","thumbnail":"","medium":"","medium_large":"","large":"","1536x1536":"","2048x2048":"","covernews-featured":"","covernews-medium":""},"author_info":{"display_name":"\u0b9a\u0bbf.\u0b9c\u0bc6\u0baf\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd","author_link":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/?author=154"},"category_info":"Featured<\/a> \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/a>","tag_info":"\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd","comment_count":"0","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/154"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=68535"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68535\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=68535"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=68535"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=68535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}