{"id":87111,"date":"2018-08-22T05:16:06","date_gmt":"2018-08-21T23:46:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/?p=87111"},"modified":"2019-06-17T12:07:02","modified_gmt":"2019-06-17T06:37:02","slug":"samasam-in-keralapaniniyam-and-veerachozhiyam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vallamai.com\/?p=87111","title":{"rendered":"Samasam in Keralapaniniyam and Veerachozhiyam"},"content":{"rendered":"

-Dr. Hepsy Rose Mary. A<\/strong><\/p>\n

Leelathilakam, Malayala Bhasha viyakaranam \u00a0and Kerala paniniyam are notable Grammatical works of Malayalam Language.\u00a0 Among these Keralapaniniyam is practiced well from the school to College in the State of Kerala.\u00a0 In his introduction, A.R. Rajarajavarma mentions that Kerala Paniniyam mostly follows the Grammatical work of Paniniyam in Sanskrit.\u00a0\u00a0 Veerachoziyam a grammatical book in Tamil written after a thousand years of Tholkappiyam.\u00a0 It is one of the notable works in the history of Tamil Grammar. This book was written for the Tamil Scholars to learn Sanskrit Grammar.\u00a0 This study deals with the comparative study of samasam in Veerachozhiyam and Keralapaniniyam.<\/p>\n

Definition of Samasam<\/strong><\/p>\n

Samasam is equalize as Tokai in Tamil Grammatical works.\u00a0 Tolkappiyam does not describe the definition of compound words in his work.\u00a0 \u00a0But the term \u2018tokai\u2019 is chosen by him to denote compound. Keralapaniniyam and veerachozhiyam have references for this Grammatical category.\u00a0 Tokai is combination of two or more words are joining together and absence of affixes in combined words- These concepts prevails in the Tamil Grammatical tradition.<\/p>\n

Tolkappiyam says in his work \u2018Ella thokayum oru soll nadaya\u2019\u00a0 tol.sol 420,\u2019 vettumai thokaye vettumai yiyala\u2019\u00a0 and \u2018vinayin thokaye kaalathiyalum\u2019 .\u00a0 From these sutras it\u2019s clear that tolkappiyar\u2019s idea on tokai or compound words is the combination of words.<\/p>\n

Veerachozhiyam explains samasam as \u201cNamangalin porutham porul narthokai\u2019 that is a single word contains two or more words reveal one and the same meaning. When explains samasa the author of Kerala Panini depicts as \u2018vibakthik kuri kudathe, pathayogam samasam\u2019 ( k.P.181).\u00a0\u00a0 It means that compounds as the joining of words without the case marker.\u00a0 It can be understood from this sutra samasa is the combination of nouns devoid of case markers.\u00a0 So, it is the common opinion on samasam of all authors.<\/p>\n

Classification of Samasa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tolkappiyar divides the compound, in the Tamil language into six kinds.\u00a0 They are \u2018Vetumaithokai (the declension compound) \u2018uvamaithokai\u2019 (the compound of comparison, Vinaithokai (the verb compound), panpputhokai \u2018(the qualitative compound) \u2018ummaithokai\u2019 (the conjunctival or conjunctional Compound) and \u2018 anmozhithokai ( the metonymical compound).<\/p>\n

Veerachozhiyam illustrates as follows,<\/p>\n

Tarpurudan palanel kanmathaarayam thangkiya seer
\nNarthuvikuthokai\u00a0 naavaar thuvanthuvam nalla theyvac
\nSorpayan mantharkalal avviyapavam ethennuthonmai
\nKarpakamappakarnthaat thokai aarum kanankuzaye\u2019\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (v.c 45)<\/p>\n

That is,<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Tharpuruda samasam – \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 declension compound<\/li>\n
  2. Palanel samasam ( bahuviri)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – metonymical compound (bahuvrihi is called anmozithokai in Tamil.\u00a0 P. Meenakshi Sundaram explains the meaning of bahuvirihi, he says that bahu means \u2018Much\u2019 virihi means rice; both together denote \u2018a person with much rice. Viracoliyam adopt this meaning and named bahuvirihi samasa as palanel samasa.)<\/li>\n
  3. Kanmataaraya samaasa – \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0qualitative compound (the first word is a qualitative or attributive word)<\/li>\n
  4. Dvigu samaasam – \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ennodupunartha enthokai (dvigu samasa are those compounds which may be called numerical compound where there is a number word and also a noun.\u00a0 Pirayoka vivekam explains this in Tamil as ennotu porul punarnta entokai.)<\/li>\n
  5. Dvandva samaasam –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 conjunctional Compound (dvandva samasa is a compound of two or more words in coordinate construction but where the conjuctive particles um \/ and is absent. It is called ummaithokai in Tamil)<\/li>\n
  6. Avviyabva samaasam –\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0conjunctional Compound (avyayibhava samasa is a compound where a noun is either preceded or followed by indeclinable particle. Pirayoka vivekam explains that in Tamil as follows Munnum pinnum moliyatuttu varum itaicol tokai)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    The verb compound and the compound of comparison are not seen in Sanskrit language.\u00a0 The avyabava samasa is absent in Tamil language.\u00a0 The Tamil grammarians include avyabava samasa into conjunctional Compound and tuviku samasa into qualitative compound. \u00a0\u00a0Subramaniya Deetshidar the author of prayoigaviveka opined that \u00a0\u00a0the compound of comparison has been included in qualitative compound.<\/p>\n

    The table follows clearly shows the samasa in Tolkappiyam, veerachozhiyam, and Keralapaniniyam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Sl. No<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

    Tolkappiyam<\/td>\n

    		 <\/p>\n

    Veerachoziyam<\/td>\n

    		 <\/p>\n

    Keralapaniniyam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1.<\/td>\nvettumaithokai<\/td>\nTarpurudan<\/td>\nTarpurudan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2.<\/td>\nAnmozithokai<\/td>\nPalanel\/ bahuvirhi<\/td>\nbahuvirhi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3<\/td>\nummaiththokai<\/td>\nTuvanthuvan<\/td>\nTuvanthuvan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4<\/td>\npanputhokai<\/td>\nKanmathaarayam<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5<\/td>\nuvamaththokai<\/td>\nThuviku<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    6<\/td>\nvinaithokai<\/td>\navviyabavam<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    The significance of meaning in samasa<\/p>\n

    Tolkappiyam explains that the above six kinds of compounds significance of meaning lies in four different was as follows.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Meaning lies on the prior words<\/li>\n
    2. Meaning lies on the later words<\/li>\n
    3. Meaning lies on the Prior words and later words<\/li>\n
    4. Meaning lies outside the compound word<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Viracoliyam does not have its own opinion on this.\u00a0 But it follows the system above mentioned by Tolkappiyam.<\/p>\n

      In Malayalam Keralapaniniyam follows only three types, taking the importance of component parts into consideration.\u00a0 They are,<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Tatpurusan – importance given for the later words<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Eg: talavedana- tala _ vedana<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Bahuvirhi – importance given for word standing outside the compounded words.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Eg. Tamarakkannan<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Dvantavan – some importance given to all words<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Eg. Achanammamar<\/p>\n

            Meaning lies on the prior words are not explains by Keralapaniniyam.<\/p>\n

            Structure of samasa<\/strong><\/p>\n

            The Structure of Samasa are not mentioned in Tolkappiyam and Veerachozhiyam. But it is described by the commemntators. The author of Kerala Paninayam describes it in detail. He denotes the structure with the words in samasam. This reveals the peculiar ability of author of Kerala Paniniam<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. With Infinitive Verb+Verb –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rekshichu Kolka<\/li>\n
            2. Noun + Verb \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nila Nilkuka<\/li>\n
            3. Adjectival Participle +Noun –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pettamma<\/li>\n
            4. Noun – Adjectival Participle + Noun Thenolum Vani<\/li>\n
            5. Noun+Noun \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Porkudam , Ramanattam<\/li>\n
            6. Adjective + Noun –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vensamaram, Sembaruthi<\/li>\n
            7. Tatpirusa samasa \u2013 declensional Compound<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              When a compound word is devoid of the case marker \u00a0and the elaborated word meaning is hidden, \u00a0it is called vettumai\u00a0 thokai.\u00a0 When the case marker can be seen clearly in a compound and when it is hidden also will expressed the same meaning if the meaning differs in two cases does not mean as a compound word.<\/p>\n

              As discussed vettumai thokai is the combined form of a word which has the hidden case markers inside, the meaning of the line combined word form must be equal to that of the unhidden case markers.<\/p>\n

              Structure of tatpurusa samasa<\/strong><\/p>\n

              The Commentators Described that the structure of Vettumai Thokai is Noun + Noun. But in veerachozhiyam and Kerala Paniniyam, the difference in the above said structure can be seen.<\/p>\n

              Eg. Nilamkadanthaan (nilathai kadanthaan) \u00a0non + verb<\/p>\n

              Classification of tatpurusa<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Tolkappiyam does not classified declension compound into further categories.\u00a0 But it is clear from his examples that declension compound has six categories.\u00a0 Viracoliyam classifies tatpurusa samasa into eight different kinds as follows,<\/p>\n

              \u2018eluvai muthalodu vettumaiyOdum ezum thadaiyil
              \nVazhuvatha nanjodum ettaam tarpurudan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 v.c 46<\/p>\n

              The author of viracoliyam and its commentators does not use any Sanskrit technical terminology for the classifications of its tatpurusa samasa. (declensional compound.) But Kerala paniniyam uses all kinds of Sanskrit terminology.<\/p>\n

              The table follows clearly the the classification of tatpurusa\u00a0 samasa in veerachozhiyam and Keralapaniniyam are arranged side by side along with examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Sl. No<\/td>\n\u00a0Viracoliyam<\/td>\nKeralapaniniyam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              1<\/td>\n\u00a0Eluvia vettumai tatpurusan<\/p>\n

              Eg. Markalitinkal<\/td>\n

              		1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nirdesika \u2013 fedam avuka<\/p>\n

              2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Karrmadharayan- Eg. Konna thennku-<\/p>\n

               <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

              2<\/td>\nIrandam vettumai\u00a0 tatpurusa<\/p>\n

              Eg: kutitanki, malaitanki<\/td>\n

              		Pratigraahiha –\u00a0 Eg. Paakku vetti<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              3<\/td>\nMuntam vettumai tatpurusa<\/p>\n

              Eg. Taai naalvar<\/td>\n

              		Samyojika \u2013 Eg. panthokkum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              4<\/td>\nNankam vettumai tatpusa<\/p>\n

              Eg. Malzaikudai<\/td>\n

              		Uddesika- Eg. homapura<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              5<\/td>\naintam vettumai tatpusa<\/p>\n

              Eg:aattuppaal<\/p>\n

               <\/td>\n

              		Prajojika \u2013 Eg. Mangakari<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              6<\/td>\nAaraam \u00a0vettumai tatpusa<\/p>\n

              Eg: kottan mahan<\/p>\n

               <\/td>\n

              		Sambandika \u2013 Eg.marappodi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              7<\/td>\nElam \u00a0vettumai tatpusa<\/p>\n

              UUrkuruvi<\/p>\n

               <\/td>\n

              		Adarika- Eg. toolvala<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              8<\/td>\nNannju\u00a0 tatpurusa<\/p>\n

              Eg. atharma<\/td>\n

              		\u00a0Ninnu \u2013 Nadu ninngi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              9<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nKurichu – aanappranthu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              The eighth variety of tatpurusa is called nannju tatpurusa.\u00a0 As started in Viracoliyam ( 46) it occurs only in Sanskrit where a negative particle na occurs as a before the consonant and as an before vowels<\/p>\n

              Eg. Na+ asvam-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 = an + asvam \u2013 anasva- one which is other than the horse.<\/p>\n

              Na+ darma – = a + darma \u2013 adarma<\/p>\n

              In Veerachozhiyam and Kerala Paninaim Instead of the structure Noun + Noun; Noun + Verb is also seen.<\/p>\n

              Eg. Malai thaangki, naadu ningi<\/p>\n

              Bahuvirihi samasa Metonymical <\/strong><\/p>\n

              Acording to Tolkappiyar\u00a0 anmzhithokai or the metonymical compound is formed of the qualitative, conjunctival r declension\u00a0 compound.\u00a0 The member of the anmolitokai may stand to each other to any of the three relations viz qualifier non relation, conjunctive relation or case relation.<\/p>\n

              Eg. Vellaithai vanthal \u2013 qualifier noun<\/p>\n

              Takaranazal pusinaal \u2013 takaramum nazalum enaitha santhu \u2013 conjuctive<\/p>\n

              Pottodi\u00a0 vanthal \u2013 case relation<\/p>\n

              Heralapanniiniyam says that \u2018A visesana is compounded with visesya to show the among \u2018one whohas is a bahiviri samasa. Eg: naan muhan<\/p>\n

              Types of bahuvirihi samasa<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Keralapaniniyam following Sanskrit grammatical\u00a0 works\u00a0 and divides bahuvrihi samasa\u00a0 into three divisions.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Upamagarbha: That with a middle word indicating sameness is upamaafarbham<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Eg.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kaanjaneermizhi – a lady whose eye is like a lotus.<\/p>\n

                Here the word denoting similarity is mentioned.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Upamaluptham \u2013 where the word showing similarity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Eg. Matimuhi\u00a0 – \u00a0one whose face is like a moon<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Upamanaluptham \u2013 That in which the modifier ( upamanam) is lost is<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Eg. Pedakanni \u2013 a lady whose eyes are like those of\u00a0 a deer.<\/p>\n

                    The above said three division comes under tholkappiyars ummaithogai the author of keeralapaniniyam describes these with the Sanskrit terminologies.<\/p>\n

                    Veerachozhiyam states the kind of bahuvirihi samasa as follows,<\/p>\n

                    Irumozhi panmozhi pinmozhi ennodirumozhi enn
                    \nMaruvum vithiyaarilakkana mattai sahamunmozhi
                    \nParavun thikantharalathodai ennap palanel toka
                    \nViriyumorezavai vettu mozhipporl melliyale. Vc 40<\/p>\n

                    Anmozhithogai is known as palanelhogai by puthamithiranar perunthevanar, the commentator of virachozhiyam \u00a0called this as bahuvirr samasa.\u00a0\u00a0 Viracozhiyam divides bahuvirihi samasa in seven kinds.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Irumolithokai: Compound with two words.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Eg. Kaluthadai \u2013 one who wears a cloth around his neck.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Panmozithokai: a compound having more than two words.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Eg.\u00a0 Mayiladuthurai- a place name<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Pinmozhi entokai: A compound where the second word is a number.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Eg. Inna narpathu, purananuuru<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Irumozhi entokai: both the words denote a number.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Eg. Aintaru<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Vithiyariklakkanatokai: This does not occur except in Sanskrit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Eg. Desadesi: when a fight spreads from country to country it is called desadesi<\/p>\n

                              Dandadandi- when a fight starts with striking with clubs it is called dandadandi.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Cakamunmolithokai: saneethi were saha become<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Sa + neethi (nithiyodu kuudi varupavan)<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Tikantharalat tokai<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Direction in between two directions given by the two members of a compound.<\/p>\n

                                  Eg. Tenkilakku, thenmerukku.<\/p>\n

                                  The table follows clearly shows the classification of bahuvirihia\u00a0 samasa in veerachozhiyam and Keralapaniniyam are arranged side by side along with examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                  Sl. No<\/td>\nVeeracholiyum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kerala paniniyam<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  1<\/td>\nIrumozhithogai<\/td>\nupamakapam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  2<\/td>\nPanmozhithokai<\/td>\nupamalupatham<\/p>\n

                                   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                  3<\/td>\nPinmozhi entokai<\/td>\nupamanalupatham<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  4<\/td>\nIrumozhienthokai<\/p>\n

                                   <\/td>\n

                                  		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  5<\/td>\nVithiyariklakkanatoka<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  6<\/td>\nCakamunmolithokai<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  7<\/td>\nTikantharalat tokai<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Dvandva samasam<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  Dvandva samasa is \u00a0ummaithokai in Tamil.\u00a0 Ummaittokai or the conjunctival compound is that in which two nouns many nouns, nouns of measurement, nouns denoting countable objects, nouns of weights or numerals are combined together.\u00a0 It is evident from tolkappiyam that only the conjenctival compounds may be formed of more than two words. Eg. Kapila paranar, puliverkondai.\u00a0 Keralapaniniyam says that, words of equal importance are combined omitting the coplative conjunction.<\/p>\n

                                  Classification of duvandva samasa<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  Tholkappiyar divides it into six types ummaithokai in tamil.\u00a0 They are,<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. Irupeyar ummai thogai<\/li>\n
                                  2. Palpeyar ummai thogai<\/li>\n
                                  3. Alavupeyar umai thogai<\/li>\n
                                  4. Enniyar peyar ummai thogai<\/li>\n
                                  5. Nirai peyar ummai thogai<\/li>\n
                                  6. Enpeyar ummai thogai<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Veeracholiyam describes it based on tholkappiyam.<\/p>\n

                                    Ex: Irupeyar ummai thogai \u2013Payaru thovarai<\/p>\n

                                    Palpeyar ummai thogai \u2013 sulabumikae thippu<\/p>\n

                                    Alavupeyar umai thogai \u2013 thooni pathoku<\/p>\n

                                    Enniyar peyar ummai thogai -muppathumoovar<\/p>\n

                                    Nirai peyar ummai thogai – kolanjakal<\/p>\n

                                    Enpeyar ummai thogai- pathinmotu,aayinathu<\/p>\n

                                    In Sanskrit, it is known as danduva samasam and it is of two kinds<\/p>\n

                                    1.itharethara dvanva<\/p>\n

                                    2.samakaram dvandva<\/p>\n

                                    Itharetharthokai <\/strong>\u2013 \u00a0\u00a0It is the dvandva which ends in the human plural.\u00a0 The examples for two words are kapila paranar, cera cola pandiyar is the examples for more than two words.<\/p>\n

                                    Ex: kapilaparanar<\/p>\n

                                    Cholapandiyar<\/p>\n

                                    Samakaraha dvandva <\/strong>\u2014\u00a0 samahara dvandva is in Tamil\u00a0 iray vanta akkirinai ummaittokai. The dvandva which acts as neuter singular.\u00a0 This may consist of two or more words.<\/p>\n

                                    Eg<\/strong>. Aram poruk, uvappathinanku<\/p>\n

                                    Kerala panniniyam describes this as word of equal importance are combined omitting the compilative conjunction. The dvandva compounds of numerals show the meaning.<\/p>\n

                                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Ex: \u00a0accanammamar, Ancharu, Pathu pathinanchi, kaikalu<\/p>\n

                                    Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    When we compare Veeracholiyam and Keralapaniniyam generally we found these two grammars follow paniniyam.\u00a0 Keralapaniniyam not talk about the avyabhava samasam and duvihusamasam.\u00a0 Even though Veeracholiyam and Keralapaniniyam follows Sanskrit moduels. Among these Keralapaniniyam has given more importance to Malayalam Samasa in many ways.<\/p>\n

                                    Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n