ஜார்ஜ் வாஷிங்டன் தொங்கு பாலம், நியூயார்க்

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4 responses to “ஜார்ஜ் வாஷிங்டன் தொங்கு பாலம், நியூயார்க்”

1. August 7, 2018

   சி. ஜெயபாரதன்

   வாஷிங்டன் தொங்குபாலம் உன்னதப் பொறியியல் சாதனைகளுள் ஒன்றாகக் கருதப்படுவது. படங்கள் பிரமிப்பாக உள்ளன.

   பாராட்டுகள் பவள சங்கரி.

   சி. ஜெயபாரதன்.

   Carries
   14 lanes (8 upper deck, 6 lower deck) of I‑95 (entire span) / US 1-9 (entire span) / US 46 (NJ side)
   Upper deck sidewalk (south side): pedestrians and bicycles
   Crosses Hudson River
   Locale Connecting Fort Lee, New Jersey, and New York City (Washington Heights, Manhattan), New York, United States
   Other name(s)
   GWB
   GW
   GW Bridge
   The George
   Maintained by Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
   Characteristics
   Design Double-decked suspension bridge
   Material Steel
   Total length 4,760 ft (1,450 m)[1]
   Width 119 ft (36 m)[1]
   Height 604 ft (184 m)[1]
   Longest span 3,500 ft (1,067 m)[2]
   Clearance above 14 ft (4.3 m) (upper level), 13.5 ft (4.1 m) (lower level)
   Clearance below 212 ft (65 m) at mid-span[1]
   History
   Designer Othmar Ammann, Cass Gilbert
   Construction start October 1927
   Opened October 24, 1931; 86 years ago (upper level)
   August 29, 1962; 55 years ago (lower level)
   Statistics
   Daily traffic 289,827 (2016)[3]
   Toll (eastbound only) As of December 6, 2015:
   Cars $15.00 for cash
   $12.50 for Peak (E-ZPass)
   $10.50 for Off-peak (E-ZPass)
   $6.50 (when carpooling with 3 people or more with NY and NJ E-ZPass only)

   ++++++++++++

   The George Washington Bridge, designed by civil engineer Othmar Ammann,[11] carries 14 lanes of traffic, seven in each direction, between Fort Lee, New Jersey, and Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York. There are eight lanes on the upper level, and six lanes on the lower level.[12][13] The current upper level opened in 1931,[14] and is 90 feet (27 m) wide.[1] The upper level originally contained six lanes; two more lanes were added in 1946.[15] The lower level, which was part of the original plans for the bridge, opened in 1962.[13] The upper level has a vertical clearance of 14 feet (4.3 m), and all trucks and other oversize vehicles must use the upper level. Trucks are banned from the lower level, which has a clearance of 13.6 feet (4.1 m). All lanes on both levels are 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) wide.[16][17]

   There are two sidewalks on the upper span of the bridge, one on each side. However, cyclists and pedestrians can usually only utilize the southern sidewalk.[18]

   The George Washington Bridge measures 4,760 feet (1,450 m) long and has a main span of 3,500 feet (1,100 m).[1] Accounting for the height of the lower deck, the bridge stretches 212 feet (65 m) feet above mean high water at its center,[1] and 195 feet (59 m) above mean high water under the New York anchorage.[19] The bridge’s main span was the longest main bridge span in the world at the time of its opening in 1931, and was nearly double the 1,850 feet (560 m) of the previous record holder, the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit.[20][21] It held this title until the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937.[2]

   The George Washington Bridge’s total width is 119 feet (36 m). The suspension towers on each side of the river are each 604 feet (184 m) tall.[1] The bridge also contains two anchorages for the main cables. The anchorage on the New York side is a concrete structure, while the anchorage on the New Jersey side is bored directly into the cliff of the Palisades.[22]

   The George Washington Bridge is supported by a total of 105,986 wires. There are four main cables, which suspend the upper deck and are held up by the suspension towers. Each main cable contained 61 strands, with each strand made of 434 individual wires, for a total of 26,474 wires per main cable. The cables were then covered by a sheath of weather-resistant steel.[23][24] The bridge uses a wire-cable design of suspension, wherein the vertical suspender wires are attached directly to the main cables and the deck directly.[25][26]

   The original design for the George Washington Bridge’s suspension towers called for them to be encased in concrete and granite.[27] The granite was supposed to help support the steel structure of the towers, but because this design was yet untested, Ammann ultimately decided that the structure of the towers should be made entirely of steel, with the granite serving only as a facade.[28] The towers would have also contained elevators to carry sightseers to the top of each tower.[22] However, the facades were postponed as a cost-cutting measure after the start of the Great Depression in 1929, midway through the bridge’s construction.[29] The entire weight of the bridge was supported by the steel structure, and the purely decorative masonry could be added at a later date.[30] Even though the steel towers had been left that way for cost reasons, aesthetic critiques of the bare steel towers were favorable.[29]

   Several groups, such as the American Institute of Steel Construction, believed that covering the steel framework with masonry would be both misleading and “fundamentally ugly”.[31] The masonry facades were ultimately never built; the exposed steel towers, with their distinctive criss-crossed bracing, have become one of the George Washington Bridge’s most identifiable characteristics.[2]

   Since 1948, the bridge has flown the world’s largest free-flying American flag, measuring at 90 feet (27 m) long, 60 feet (18 m) wide, and 450 pounds (200 kg).[12] It is hoisted on special occasions when weather allows,[32][33] and appears on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Flag Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, and Veterans Day.[12] Since 2006, the flag is also flown on September 11 of each year, honoring those lost in the September 11 attacks.[33] On events where the flag is flown, the tower lights are lit from dusk until 11:59 p.m.[1]
2. August 7, 2018

   Hepsy Rose Mary. A

   அருமையான தகவல் .
3. August 7, 2018

   பவள சங்கரி

   மிக்க நன்றி ஐயா.
4. August 7, 2018

   பவள சங்கரி

   மிக்க நன்றி.